Australia wide pass rates

Feedback for remedial training

The CASA aeronautical knowledge theory examination system has an automatic feedback mechanism that advises each candidate of the syllabus area in which he/she has failed to answer a question correctly. This guidance, called a 'Knowledge Deficiency Report' (KDR), is issued with each examination result.

The KDR is intended to help the candidate correct any theory weaknesses before theory retest or presenting for a licence or rating flight test. It assists the candidate to properly acquire the required knowledge for the licence or rating. A KDR listing items answered incorrectly will be issued when a candidate's result is less than 100% and more than 50%. If a candidate scores 50% or less in their examination, they will be referred to the entire syllabus.

Feedback for improved instruction

The KDR feedback for remedial training is at the individual level. CASA has built up records of candidate performance by subject matter. CASA uses the data to review questions for all subjects and to provide feedback to industry to assist theory providers and candidates to better focus their training.

Feedback for improved exams

CASA also reviews other exam data such as the average time taken by candidates to finish. Average time taken indicates whether the current allocated time is sufficient for each subject. This allows CASA to fine-tune exam time to the particular exam type. Where time permitted has been far in excess of what had been required by candidates, CASA will consider whether the exam time can be reduced, with cost savings for the candidates, or if some subject matter could be examined more within current time frames.

Don't rush

Whilst candidates may do poorly in an examination for any number of reasons, we have noticed that numerous candidates seem to 'rush' their work unnecessarily. CASA would encourage candidates to use their time to read questions, their answers and any permitted materials very carefully. Misreading one word can change your understanding of what the question is about. If you do complete your exam early, then use the remaining time to check your answers. Questions which require use of graphs are frequently answered incorrectly simply because sufficient care has not been taken drawing lines on the graphs and using the correct entry arguments. Similarly with numerical calculations, e.g. Pressure Height or Density Height calculations or simple TAS or ground speed problems, where careful use of your calculator or navigation computer can significantly improve your result. By taking care with those 'easy' questions, you are much more likely to achieve a result which is a truer reflection of your ability and knowledge of the subject. Please don't rush your work needlessly.

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Aeroplane and Helicopter)

The ATPL(A) examination comprise of seven individual subject-parts which are; AALW, AASA,AFPA, AHUF, AMET, ANAV and APLA. Similarly the ATPL(H) examination comprises of seven individual subject-parts which are; AALW, AASH, AFPH, AHUF, AMET, ANAV and APLH.

To be awarded a full ATPL exam credit, the candidate shall pass the 7 subject-parts of the ATPL examination within one 'window' (the prescribed period of time permitted). Once all subject-parts have been passed within one window, an ATPL theory credit is awarded to the candidate for that category, ATPL(A) or ATPL(H), which once awarded, is valid perpetually. If a candidate passes some, but not all subject-parts within a window (see Re-training period and window), then they must pass (or re-pass) additional subject-parts until all subject-parts are passed within one window to achieve a full ATPL theory credit.

Notes:

• A pass in a subject exam may only be held as a temporary pass until the candidate successfully completes the set of seven subject exams in the window period described above.
• If all the seven subject exams are not passed within the defined period, the temporary pass(es) for individual subject-part exam(s) will progressively change status to expired at the end of the window.

Therefore candidates are strongly advised not to attempt any subject exam until they have undertaken comprehensive and satisfactory aeronautical knowledge training, required by the respective aeronautical knowledge syllabus. It is each candidate's responsibility to plan their studies and exams so that they are completed within one window.

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) Air Law exam - AALW

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for AALW is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 85 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 80%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) Air Law – AALW exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	1.20	0.45	1.95	3.90	9.91	8.26	74.32	74.32%
2015	1.46	0.98	3.17	6.34	11.46	9.51	67.07	67.07%
2016	0.84	1.05	3.14	3.77	12.55	8.37	70.29	70.29%
2017	0.76	0.38	1.70	3.78	9.45	9.45	74.48	74.48%
2018	0.80	0.54	2.28	2.95	8.57	7.90	76.97	76.97%
2019	0.77	0.26	2.45	2.06	7.85	6.56	80.05	80.05%

Subject feedback

The syllabus areas have been well handled, as evident by its pass rate, especially when the AALW demands a pass score that is 10% higher than for other exams. However, candidates should not be lulled by the fact of AALW being an 'open book' exam, as comprehensive studies are necessary prior to sitting the exam. The following areas are noted as requiring careful preparation:

• Candidates performance on Fatigue Management or Flight and Duty times, has improved since the introduction of CAO 48.1 Instrument 2019
• Maintenance defects, defect reporting and maintenance releases
• Recency requirements
• Documentation
• Flight instruments/Radio and aircraft equipment requirements
• Regulations pertaining to permissible unserviceabilities

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) Human Factors exam - AHUF

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for AHUF is 75 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 48 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is more than adequate. CASA may increase the number of questions without increasing the time.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) Human Factors – AHUF exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.31	2.51	3.13	7.84	11.29	22.88	52.04	86.21%
2015	0.19	0.96	4.82	9.63	15.41	25.63	43.35	84.39%
2016	0.51	0.90	5.38	8.19	13.70	22.66	48.66	85.02%
2017	0.44	1.18	4.73	8.86	14.03	21.42	49.34	84.79%
2018	0.43	0.65	5.30	6.28	13.53	22.08	51.73	87.34%
2019	0.45	1.01	4.60	7.17	14.91	19.73	52.13	86.77%

Subject feedback

The overall result for this subject is excellent, indicating a sound command of the subject. As a general guide to further improvement, the frequently occurring KDR items were:

• Error management
• TEM - definition of terms and types of threats, errors, UAS, etc.
• Management of Undesired Aircraft States
• Types of human errors, its prevention and counter measures
• Communication styles and decision making processes
• Visual illusions

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) Meteorology exam - AMET

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for AMET is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 65 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is more than adequate. CASA may increase the number of questions without increasing the time.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) Meteorology – AMET exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.38	0.95	1.33	5.52	3.05	14.29	74.48	91.81%
2015	0.45	1.59	1.81	3.40	9.30	12.70	70.75	92.74%
2016	0.61	0.82	1.23	4.10	8.40	15.37	69.47	93.24%
2017	0.89	0.36	3.40	3.40	9.67	15.92	66.37	91.95%
2018	0.69	0.55	1.79	4.95	9.08	15.41	67.54	92.02%
2019	0.54	0.95	1.23	5.72	9.26	15.94	66.35	91.55%

Subject feedback

The vast majority of the syllabus areas have been very well handled. The following represents a few important areas that candidates appear to be inadequately prepared. They are:

• Cloud types and associated hazards.
• Hazards presented by thunderstorms and precipitation.
• Synoptic meteorology
• Clear air turbulence
• Jet streams – location and strength

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) Navigation exam - ANAV

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for ANAV is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 86 minutes. CASA assesses the allocated time as correct but will continue to closely monitor candidates' performance in this exam.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) Navigation – ANAV exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	8.90	5.41	10.02	9.22	6.36	15.90	44.20	66.45%
2015	9.09	5.84	9.31	11.47	10.17	16.23	37.88	64.29%
2016	10.81	6.93	10.64	14.36	6.76	17.91	32.60	57.26%
2017	9.90	5.97	12.63	12.63	8.53	14.33	36.01	58.87%
2018	10.34	7.85	10.23	9.99	7.85	15.10	38.64	61.59%
2019	8.68	6.37	9.01	12.75	6.92	15.05	41.21	63.19%

Subject feedback

The vast majority of the syllabus areas have been satisfactorily handled. The following represents a few of the important areas that candidates appear to be inadequately prepared. They are:

• True altitude calculations
• Time zone conversions
• Ground speed errors
• Gyroscopes, properties and principles of operation
• Determine TAS given CAS and PHt or MN and temperature
• Determine the position of CP, PNR, LPSD for normal and abnormal operations
• Radio wave propagation characteristics, MF, HF, VHF and UHF transmission
• Calculate W/V
• Determine the position of CP, PNR or LPSD

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Aeroplane) Aerodynamics and Aircraft Systems exam - AASA

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for AASA is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 57 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is more than adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Aeroplane) Aerodynamics and Aircraft Systems – AASA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	5.04	3.73	10.45	10.45	25.93	13.62	30.78	70.34%
2015	6.56	3.85	10.41	10.86	23.30	12.44	32.58	68.33%
2016	3.85	1.83	9.94	8.72	22.92	18.05	34.69	75.66%
2017	4.31	3.33	9.80	8.24	23.33	17.06	33.92	74.31%
2018	3.60	3.47	8.28	7.88	21.90	17.09	37.78	76.77%
2019	4.40	2.00	8.67	9.47	17.60	15.73	42.13	75.47%

Subject feedback

The vast majority of the syllabus areas have been satisfactorily handled. The following represents a few of the important areas that candidates appear to be inadequately prepared. They are:

• Effect of wing sweep on aircraft performance, including MCRIT, VS and values for CL and CD
• Forces acting in flight, for maximum angle/rate of climb, range and endurance
• Asymmetric flight
• Flight controls - flying tail
• Electrical systems
• Landing gear, brakes and nose wheel steering
• Auto-pilot operation
• Flight Management Computer operations

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Helicopter) Aerodynamics and Aircraft Systems exam - AASH

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for AASH is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 58 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is excessive and will either reduce the allocated time and/or increase the number of questions.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Helicopter) Aerodynamics and Aircraft Systems - AASH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	5.81	3.49	9.30	6.98	26.74	12.79	34.88	74.41%
2015	0.00	2.17	4.35	13.04	19.56	10.87	50.00	80.43%
2016	3.85	3.85	15.38	15.38	15.38	15.38	30.77	61.54%
2017	0.00	8.82	8.82	11.76	20.59	20.59	29.41	70.59%
2018	3.45	17.24	3.45	3.45	3.45	31.03	37.93	72.41%
2019	2.70	0.00	8.11	5.41	29.73	10.81	43.24	83.78%

Subject feedback

The vast majority of the syllabus areas have been satisfactorily handled. The following represents a few of the important areas that candidates appear to be inadequately prepared. They are:

• Aerodynamics – stability
• Hydraulic systems – functions of components
• Air supply systems – availability of services
• Gas turbine engines – compressors, combustion process and chamber(s), turbines
• Turbine temperatures
• FMS

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Aeroplane) Performance and Loading - APLA

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for APLA is 150 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 131 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Aeroplane) Performance and Loading - APLA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	2.82	2.11	4.23	5.40	10.33	23.71	51.41	85.45%
2015	2.63	2.92	7.02	8.77	10.23	18.42	50.00	78.65%
2016	3.02	2.81	9.29	10.58	9.72	15.77	48.81	74.30%
2017	3.29	2.46	8.62	9.65	9.86	16.02	50.10	75.98%
2018	1.75	2.47	7.28	9.46	12.23	14.41	52.40	79.04%
2019	1.69	1.83	7.03	7.03	13.22	15.33	53.87	82.42%

Subject feedback

The vast majority of the syllabus areas have been satisfactorily handled. The following represents a few of the important areas where candidates may require better preparations. They are:

• Determine take-off or landing performance, MTOW, EOL, average take-off EPR value, MLW etc.
• Determine effects of temperature, weight or engine failure on cruise level
• Range calculations
• Determine CG position, % MAC for take-off, landing or after a change in load
• Load sheet workings, lines inaccurately drawn and incorrect weight calculations

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Helicopter) Performance and Loading - APLH

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for APLH is 150 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 143 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is adequate but will monitor the situation carefully.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass in The APLH is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Helicopter) Performance and Loading - APLH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	2.99	1.49	2.99	4.48	4.48	2.99	80.60	88.06%
2015	0.00	2.94	2.94	2.94	20.59	11.76	58.82	91.18%
2016	7.69	0.00	3.85	15.38	11.54	7.69	53.85	73.08%
2017	11.11	0.00	0.00	0.00	11.11	22.22	55.56	88.89%
2018	0.00	0.00	0.00	16.67	16.67	22.22	44.44	83.33%
2019	11.76	0.00	0.00	17.65	8.82	17.65	44.12	70.59%

Subject feedback

The vast majority of the syllabus areas have been satisfactorily handled. The following represents a few of the important areas where candidates may require better preparations. They are:

• Determine CG limits for take-off, cruise and landing
• Determine adjustments required to the payload to permit operations within CG limits
• Determine movement of CG due to fuel consumption in flight

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Aeroplane) Flight Planning - AFPA

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for AFPA is 180 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 177 minutes. CASA assesses the allocated time as correct but will continue to closely monitor candidates' performance in this exam. It has also been noticed that many candidates actually finish their exam with 20 minutes or more time remaining, but quite wisely, choose to use this time to check their answers and calculations.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Aeroplane) Flight Planning - AFPA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	27.15	7.57	12.27	9.53	12.53	8.61	22.32	43.47%
2015	29.89	7.12	9.61	8.36	14.77	6.94	23.31	45.02%
2016	28.96	6.63	10.19	7.77	14.40	9.22	22.82	46.44%
2017	27.30	6.33	11.61	9.50	13.12	9.05	23.08	45.25%
2018	26.97	7.26	10.79	9.13	12.86	7.88	25.10	45.85%
2019	24.15	6.84	12.23	8.70	13.78	6.63	27.67	48.08%

For those interested, the following indicates how many achieved the perfect score (100%) in each year:

• 6 candidates in 2015
• 11 candidates in 2016
• 1 candidates in 2017
• 13 candidates in 2018
• 10 candidates in 2019.

Subject feedback

The vast majority of the syllabus areas have been satisfactorily handled. The following represents a few of the important areas where candidates may require better preparations. They are:

• Ground speed (by far the most frequent error) and fuel policy errors (a close second) were common in most exams where the candidates work was reviewed
• Determine highest cruise level for abnormal operations
• Determine maximum payload at planning
• Determine landing weight for abnormal operations
• Determine the position of a PNR, whether Normal Operations (PNR/NO) or Abnormal operations (PNR/DP, PNR/1 IN-OP)
• Normal operations flight plan – either as a forward or backward plan appeared to create great difficulties

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Helicopter) Flight Planning - AFPH

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for AFPH is 180 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 162 minutes. CASA may increase the number of questions without increasing the time.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Helicopter) Flight Planning – AFPH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	5.41	2.70	1.35	5.41	14.86	8.11	62.16	85.14%
2015	2.56	0.00	7.69	5.13	5.13	12.82	66.66	84.61%
2016	3.70	3.70	3.70	11.11	3.70	18.52	55.56	77.78%
2017	4.55	0.00	4.55	4.55	0.00	22.73	63.64	86.36%
2018	28.00	0.00	4.00	4.00	8.00	8.00	48.00	64.00%
2019	10.71	3.57	7.14	7.14	17.86	17.86	35.71	71.43%

Subject feedback

The vast majority of the syllabus areas have been satisfactorily handled. The following represents a few of the important areas where some candidates could have offered better answers. They are:

• Calculation of OEI PNR
• Calculation of PNR
• Calculation of total fuel required

Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Aeroplane and Helicopter) Conversion exams - AOSA and AOSH

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for both AOSA and AOSH is 180 minutes each. The average time for a candidate to complete their AOSA exam has been 167 minutes and AOSH has been 173 minutes. CASA assessed the allocated time for both current exam loadings as adequate, but will monitor the situation closely.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 80%.

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Aeroplane) Conversion - AOSA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.00	0.00	20.00	0.00	20.00	20.00	40.00	40.00%
2015	0.00	7.69	0.00	0.00	15.38	7.69	69.23	69.23%
2016	2.70	0.00	0.00	10.81	13.51	10.81	62.16	62.16%
2017	1.85	3.70	1.85	3.70	9.26	22.22	57.41	57.41%
2018	4.65	11.63	2.33	4.65	6.98	11.63	58.14	58.14%
2019	0.00	3.33	4.44	7.77	12.22	12.22	60.00	60.00%

The score band percent of candidates for Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL) (Helicopter) Conversion - AOSH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	N/A
2015	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	50.00	0.00	50.00	50.00%
2016	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00	100.00%
2017	4.00	0.00	4.00	8.00	20.00	12.00	52.00	52.00%
2018	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	11.11	22.22	66.67	66.67%
2019	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00	100.00%

Subject feedback

Due to the extremely low number of exam sittings, the performance report was not available.

Aerial Application Rating exams - AGRA and AGRH

Exam time

The CASA allocated times for both AGRA and AGRH are 120 minutes each. The average times taken for candidates to complete the AGRA and AGRH exams were recorded as 66 and 71 minutes respectively. CASA has assessed that the allocated times are adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 75% in each exam.

The score band percent of candidates for Aerial Application Rating exams - AGRA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.00	0.00	7.69	7.69	23.08	15.38	46.15	61.54%
2015	6.67	6.67	6.67	13.33	13.33	40.00	13.33	53.33%
2016	0.00	0.00	13.33	6.67	33.33	26.67	20.00	46.67%
2017	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.00	16.00	32.00	44.00	76.00%
2018	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	26.67	33.33	40.00	73.33%
2019	0.00	0.00	0.00	18.75	18.75	18.75	43.75	62.50%

The score band percent of candidates for Aerial Application Rating exams – AGRH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	4.76	4.76	19.05	4.76	9.52	28.57	28.57	57.14%
2015	0.00	8.00	8.00	16.00	16.00	24.00	28.00	52.00%
2016	0.00	0.00	8.33	16.67	16.67	16.67	41.67	58.33%
2017	4.76	4.76	9.52	9.52	0.00	23.81	47.62	71.43%
2018	0.00	3.57	3.57	14.29	10.71	17.86	50.00	67.86%
2019	0.00	0.00	10.00	10.00	0.00	30.00	50.00	80.00%

Subject feedback

Due to the extremely low number of exam sittings, the performance report was not available.

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane and Helicopter)

The CPL(A) examination comprises seven individual subject-parts which are; CLWA, CADA, CFPA, CHUF, CMET, CNAV and CSYA. Similarly the CPL(H) examination comprises seven individual subject-parts which are; CLWH, CADH, CFPH, CHUF, CMET, CNAV and CSYH.

To be awarded a full CPL exam credit, the candidate shall pass the 7 subject-parts of the CPL examination within one 'window' (the prescribed period of time permitted). Once all subject-parts have been passed within one window, a CPL theory credit is awarded to the candidate for that category, CPL(A) or CPL(H), which once awarded, is valid perpetually. If a candidate passes some, but not all subject-parts within a window (see Re-training period and window), then they must pass (or re-pass) additional subject-parts until all subject-parts are passed within one window to achieve a full CPL theory credit.

Notes:

• A pass in a subject exam may only be held as a temporary pass until the candidate successfully completes the set of seven subject exams in the window period described above.
• If all the seven subject exams are not passed within the defined period, the temporary pass(es) for individual subject-part exam(s) will progressively change status to expired at the end of the window.

Therefore candidates are strongly advised not to attempt any subject exam until they have undertaken comprehensive and satisfactory aeronautical knowledge training, required by the respective aeronautical knowledge syllabus. It is each candidate's responsibility to plan their studies and exams so that they are completed within one window.

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane and Helicopter) Flight Rules and Air Law - CLWA and CLWH

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for both CLWA and CLWH is 120 minutes each. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam was 105 minutes for CLWA and 108 minutes for CLWH. CASA assessed the allocated time for both current exam loadings as adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 80%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane) Flight Rules and Air Law - CLWA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.90	0.90	1.25	3.67	8.31	14.96	70.01	70.01%
2015	0.15	0.60	1.13	4.21	6.85	13.84	73.21	73.21%
2016	1.10	0.69	0.12	4.28	6.48	13.38	72.83	72.83%
2017	0.82	1.09	1.43	3.35	7.58	12.84	72.88	72.88%
2018	0.60	0.60	1.50	3.79	6.98	12.03	74.50	74.50%
2019	0.85	0.85	1.91	3.35	6.75	13.92	72.37	72.37%

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Helicopter) Flight Rules and Air Law - CLWH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	2.01	1.34	4.03	8.05	9.40	18.79	56.38	56.38%
2015	3.17	2.78	2.78	6.75	10.32	14.68	59.52	59.52%
2016	2.38	1.36	5.44	7.14	11.22	18.71	53.74	53.74%
2017	3.24	3.53	3.24	5.29	10.29	19.41	55.00	55.00%
2018	4.43	2.49	2.49	5.54	14.13	20.50	50.42	50.42%
2019	2.28	1.71	4.56	7.41	6.84	19.09	58.12	58.12%

Subject feedback

Common errors which we noted were:

• Airspace requirements
• Classification of various operations, AWK, CHTR etc.
• Pilot maintenance requirements
• Rules of the air
• Tracking requirements
• Hot refuelling requirements – Helicopters only

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Human Factors exam - CHUF

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for CHUF is 75 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam was 47 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is more than adequate. CASA may increase the number of questions without increasing the time.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Human Factors - CHUF exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	3.35	3.40	6.75	11.10	15.83	21.75	37.64	75.22%
2015	2.30	3.51	5.56	11.17	16.60	20.11	40.74	77.46%
2016	2.91	3.42	6.50	12.16	15.63	18.94	40.45	75.01%
2017	3.55	3.60	6.37	10.03	15.93	22.82	37.70	76.45%
2018	2.32	3.44	5.71	10.01	16.37	19.15	43.00	78.52%
2019	2.78	3.15	5.20	9.31	14.87	18.48	46.21	79.56%

Subject feedback

While the subject has been well handled by most candidates, there are areas that may require careful preparation, as follows:

• Anatomy of the ear and eye
• Visual illusions on approach
• Physiological stress

On the topic of TEM, candidates should read AC 61-08 ‘Teaching and assessing non-technical skills for single pilot operations' dated January 2017, in particular 'Definitions' and section 9, Threat and error management. The areas which require more careful attention are:

• Undesired aircraft state (UAS)
• Various classifications of threats and errors
• Various categories of countermeasures
• Managing Undesired Aircraft States

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Meteorology exam - CMET

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for CMET is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam was 74 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Meteorology - CMET exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	4.86	3.79	6.87	6.80	11.52	14.95	51.22	77.68%
2015	5.42	4.21	8.87	11.81	16.27	17.55	35.86	69.69%
2016	5.59	3.51	7.40	11.87	14.10	19.00	38.53	71.63%
2017	6.54	4.71	6.90	10.98	16.21	17.00	37.66	70.87%
2018	5.18	3.94	6.17	10.45	17.62	18.90	37.75	74.26%
2019	3.04	3.14	4.61	7.79	17.52	19.64	44.26	81.42%

Subject feedback

Common errors which we noted were:

• Stability and how it affects the weather
• Winds, backing, veering and wind shear
• Air masses and fronts
• Inversions, fog and mist
• Thunderstorms and microbursts
• Decoding of forecasts, in particular TAFs and TTFs where there are periods such as INTER, TEMPO or FM included
• Graphical Area Forecasts and Low Level GPWTs
• Area and aerodrome forecasts – It would appear that some candidates could have been misapplying the appropriate UTC time to the given flight scenario
• Aerodrome Forecasts – Where both TTF and TAF have been issued for an aerodrome, it would appear that some candidates appear not to understand which applies.

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Navigation exam - CNAV

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for CNAV is 105 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam was 91 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Navigation – CNAV exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	4.54	2.81	3.82	6.13	8.07	14.42	60.20	82.70%
2015	5.04	2.66	7.27	6.33	11.37	13.60	53.74	78.71%
2016	4.55	3.04	6.70	7.02	10.06	12.08	56.55	78.68%
2017	7.06	3.47	6.39	9.13	10.31	14.01	49.64	73.95%
2018	8.18	4.51	6.98	8.71	9.23	11.75	50.63	71.62%
2019	7.20	3.74	5.94	8.37	9.54	13.47	51.73	74.74%

Subject feedback

The vast majority of the syllabus areas have been wellhandled. The following represents some important areas that candidates appearto be inadequately prepared. They are:

• Calculate a required ROC/ROD
• Understanding of latitude and longitude and associated problems
• Determine fuel requirements

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane) Aerodynamics - CADA

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for CADA is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam was 56 minutes. CASA assessed the allocated time for the current exam loading is adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane) Aerodynamics - CADA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	6.15	5.12	7.10	11.13	15.67	16.40	38.43	70.50%
2015	4.73	4.65	7.88	10.24	13.48	17.42	41.61	72.50%
2016	3.46	3.80	7.94	9.30	13.24	16.50	45.76	75.49%
2017	5.98	3.64	6.97	11.28	14.36	15.23	42.54	72.13%
2018	5.76	4.57	7.23	11.29	14.00	15.81	41.33	71.15%
2019	4.34	3.82	7.02	10.02	14.18	15.85	44.77	74.80%

Subject feedback

Most topics have been well handled. However a higher than expected percentage of candidates appears to be inadequately prepared in the following areas:

• Spoilers and vortex generators
• Knowledge of range and endurance flying
• Wing design – anhedral, dihedral, aspect ratio, wash-out
• Factors affecting aircraft stability
• Flow dynamics – pressure changes with changes in angles of attack
• Take-off and landing – 'ground effect' and how it effects aeroplane performance

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Helicopter) Aerodynamics - CADH

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for CADH is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam was 58 minutes. CASA assessed the allocated time for the current exam loading is adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Helicopter) Aerodynamics - CADH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	5.22	3.21	4.02	8.84	12.05	19.68	46.99	78.71%
2015	5.00	6.54	3.85	9.23	11.54	17.31	46.54	75.38%
2016	8.64	4.12	8.64	14.81	11.93	13.58	38.27	63.79%
2017	7.42	3.23	10.65	10.97	15.81	16.45	35.48	67.74%
2018	7.79	6.54	6.23	13.08	9.97	15.89	40.50	66.36%
2019	3.32	4.32	8.64	12.62	16.61	15.61	38.87	71.10%

Subject feedback

Most syllabus topics have been well handled as evident in the pass rate. However a higher than expected percentage of candidates appear to be inadequately prepared in the following areas:

• Ground effect – aerodynamic principles and the environmental factors that influence it
• Tail rotor effectiveness and associated factors
• Tail Rotor - Knowledge of airflows and forces and behaviour of a tail rotor
• Dynamic rollover
• Mast bumping

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane) Operation, Performance and Flight Planning - CFPA

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for CFPA is 150 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam was 141 minutes. CASA assessed the allocated time for the current exam loading as adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane) Operation, Performance and Flight Planning - CFPA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	8.31	4.85	10.24	6.93	11.39	12.16	46.11	69.67%
2015	6.69	4.39	6.32	10.93	13.61	14.28	43.79	71.67%
2016	7.87	3.79	7.80	7.87	14.10	11.17	47.39	72.66%
2017	11.41	5.38	8.55	10.05	12.38	14.26	37.98	64.61%
2018	14.14	7.89	6.55	14.29	11.29	16.46	29.37	57.12%
2019	15.60	9.21	7.88	14.82	11.23	15.64	25.62	52.49%

Subject feedback

The overall result for this subject is sound. As a general guide to further improvement, candidates who failed had knowledge deficiencies across the following subject areas:

• Basic ground speed errors these affected a number of questions, including determine ETI or EST for positions such as a CP (also called an ETP) or PNR
• Fuel policy requirements as per CAAP 234-1(2.1)
• Aircraft speeds, TOSS, Va, Vne, manoeuvering speeds
• Determination of MTOW or TODR using the graphs in figures 3, 5 or 12
• Understanding of range and endurance and factors affecting
• Definitions of terms such as MAC, empty weight, ZFW, ramp weight, etc.
• Aeroplane Weight Limitations, Loading and Balance – the relationship between fuel carried, burned off and aeroplane weight limitations

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Helicopter) Operation, Performance and Flight Planning - CFPH

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for CFPH is 150 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam was 141 minutes. CASA assessed the allocated time for the current exam loading as adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Helicopter) Operation, Performance and Flight Planning - CFPH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	16.60	4.86	5.67	8.91	10.12	11.34	42.51	63.97%
2015	13.97	4.37	7.42	5.24	12.23	8.30	48.47	69.00%
2016	14.50	4.09	11.15	8.18	10.41	9.67	42.01	62.08%
2017	16.78	5.48	5.14	3.72	11.99	14.38	38.70	65.07%
2018	22.37	9.15	6.10	10.17	6.44	13.56	32.20	52.20%
2019	19.57	11.69	8.11	16.95	11.46	10.26	21.96	43.68%

Subject feedback

The overall result for this subject leaves room for improvement. As a general guide, candidates who failed had knowledge deficiencies across the following subject areas:

• Basic ground speed errors these affected a number of questions, including determine ETI or an EST for positions such as a CP (also called an ETP) or PNR
• Fuel policy requirements as per CAAP 234-1(2.1)
• Helicopter Limitations, including rotor RPM, VNE and flight load factors. All have serious operating and flight safety implications
• Take-off and Landing Weight - when and when not to use 'Area B' gross weight performance
• Hover performance
• Calculations for CG position and loading appear to be problematic to candidates

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane and Helicopter) Aircraft General Knowledge - CSYA and CSYH

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for CSYA and CSYH is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 52 minutes for CSYA and 50 minutes for CSYH. CASA assessed the allocated time for each exam is more than adequate. CASA may increase the number of questions without increasing the time.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane) Aircraft General Knowledge - CSYA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	2.62	3.43	4.74	8.75	15.86	23.71	40.88	80.46%
2015	2.27	2.90	4.54	9.59	14.30	21.36	45.00	80.66%
2016	2.46	2.97	4.28	8.77	15.14	20.29	46.09	81.52%
2017	2.37	2.37	4.41	8.27	13.36	18.37	50.85	82.58%
2018	2.77	2.34	4.30	7.19	12.66	19.91	50.83	83.41%
2019	1.97	2.55	4.47	8.42	12.26	17.51	52.83	82.60%

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Helicopter) Aircraft General Knowledge - CSYH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	4.04	6.40	8.75	11.78	13.47	20.54	35.02	69.02%
2015	6.57	2.92	9.12	14.23	21.53	10.58	35.04	67.15%
2016	6.98	7.97	10.96	16.28	19.60	9.30	28.90	57.81%
2017	7.08	7.08	6.15	15.69	16.62	11.08	36.31	64.00%
2018	5.50	6.12	9.17	15.60	19.57	9.79	34.25	63.61%
2019	3.46	3.77	8.81	13.21	21.07	11.01	38.68	70.75%

Subject Feedback

Common errors which we noted were:

• Ammeter indications
• Recognition of different fuels
• Correct use of carburettor heat
• Turbo-chargers and associated engine handling
• Understanding of magneto operations and their failures
• Correct understanding of vibration either in the main rotor or tail rotor – Helicopter only

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane and Helicopter) Overseas conversion exams - COSA and COSH

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for both COSA and COSH is 120 minutes each. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 104 minutes for COSA and 108 minutes for COSH. CASA assessed the allocated time for both current exam loadings as adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 80%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Aeroplane and Helicopter) Conversion - COSA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.00	0.00	11.11	0.00	11.11	0.00	66.67	66.67%
2015	2.00	0.00	0.00	2.00	16.00	8.00	72.00	72.00%
2016	1.75	0.00	0.00	7.02	8.77	15.79	66.67	66.67%
2017	0.00	0.00	15.00	5.00	2.50	12.50	65.00	65.00%
2018	0.00	0.00	2.17	8.70	8.70	10.87	69.57	69.57%
2019	5.00	5.00	0.00	5.00	20.00	10.00	55.00	55.00%

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) (Helicopter) Conversion - COSH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00	100%
2015	6.25	0.00	0.00	12.50	18.75	18.75	43.75	43.75%
2016	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	16.00	4.00	64.00	64.00%
2017	0.00	0.00	3.57	7.14	3.57	17.86	67.86	67.86%
2018	0.00	5.88	5.88	0.00	0.00	23.53	64.71	64.71%
2019	0.00	0.00	7.14	0.00	7.14	14.29	71.43	71.43%

Subject feedback

Due to the extremely low number of exam sittings, the performance report was not available.

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Flight Rules and Air Law Balloon exam - CLWB

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for CLWB is 120 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 119 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 75%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Flight Rules and Air Law Balloon exam - CLWB exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	25.00	75.00	100%
2015	0.00	0.00	0.00	50.00	0.00	0.00	50.00	50.00%
2016	20.00	0.00	40.00	0.00	0.00	20.00	20.00	40.00%
2017	17.14	0.00	2.86	22.86	20.00	11.43	25.71	37.14%
2018	7.69	0.00	7.69	15.38	0.00	15.38	53.85	69.23%
2019	0.00	0.00	0.00	20.00	20.00	0.00	60.00	60.00%

Subject feedback

Due to the extremely low number of exam sittings, the performance report was not available.

Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Operations Balloon exam - COPB

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for COPB is 150 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 144 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 75%.

The score band percent of candidates for Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) Operations Balloon – COPB exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	12.50	12.50	25.00	12.50	12.50	12.50	12.50	25.00%
2015	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00	0.00	100.00%
2016	11.11	0.00	11.11	11.11	22.22	22.22	22.22	44.44%
2017	5.88	5.88	17.65	17.65	17.65	17.65	17.65	35.29%
2018	0.00	8.33	25.00	25.00	16.67	8.33	16.67	25.00%
2019	0.00	0.00	10.00	30.00	20.00	30.00	10.00	40.00%

Subject feedback

Due to the extremely low number of exam sittings, the performance report was notavailable.

Command Instrument Rating exam - IREX

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for IREX is 210 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 177 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Instrument Rating exam – IREX.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	6.84	6.08	8.78	10.99	12.79	16.31	38.22	67.31%
2015	6.23	5.40	7.96	10.80	13.56	17.30	38.75	69.62%
2016	4.64	4.47	8.78	9.86	13.17	18.97	40.10	72.25%
2017	4.35	4.11	5.80	9.18	14.17	15.94	46.46	76.57%
2018	2.83	3.22	5.97	8.41	14.07	15.88	49.61	79.56%
2019	3.77	2.77	6.05	8.68	11.74	14.94	52.06	78.73%

Subject feedback

The subject has been well handled by most candidates. The following areas have been weak areas for some candidates, and require careful preparation:

• Determination of fuel required
• DAPS procedures and navigation aid requirements
• Visual approach requirements
• Identification of reporting points
• Planning for alternate aerodrome based on available radio navigation aids at the destination aerodrome
• Planning for alternate aerodrome based on forecast weather conditions at destination aerodrome
• Radar and transponder requirements and procedures
• Selection of cruise level considering FZL and LSALT

Private Instrument Rating exam - PIFR

Exam time

The CASA allocated time for PIFR is 120 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 109 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is adequate.

Pass percentage andpass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%.

The score band percent of candidates for Private Instrument Rating – PIFR exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	16.67	0.00	16.67	0.00	16.67	16.67	33.33	66.67%
2015	20.00	0.00	6.67	13.33	13.33	13.33	33.33	60.00%
2016	0.00	7.14	14.29	7.14	21.43	7.14	42.86	71.43%
2017	7.69	11.54	19.23	11.54	34.62	7.69	7.69	50.00%
2018	12.00	8.00	16.00	16.00	24.00	8.00	16.00	48.00%
2019	9.09	3.03	3.03	18.18	30.30	12.12	24.24	66.67%

Subject feedback

Common errors which we noted were:

• Privileges and limitations of PIFR
• Aircraft equipment requirements
• IFR navigation procedures
• Determination of LSALT
• Operations in Class G airspace
• Use of NDB and/or VOR equipment

Pilot Instructor Rating exam - PIRC

Exam time

This is a new exam introduced by Part 61. The CASA allocated time for PIRC is 120 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 65 minutes. CASA has assessed that the allocated time is more than adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate.

The percentage score required for a pass is 75%.

The score band percent of candidates for Pilot Instructor Rating – PIRC exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	0.82	0.00	1.64	1.64	15.57	16.39	63.93	80.49%
2015	0.50	1.01	4.03	6.80	15.37	17.13	55.16	72.29%
2016	1.03	1.29	6.19	4.64	16.75	17.01	53.09	70.10%
2017	1.08	1.36	2.44	4.07	18.43	15.72	56.91	72.63%
2018	0.77	1.02	2.30	5.37	16.11	18.16	56.27	74.42%
2019	0.41	0.62	4.12	5.98	17.53	17.94	53.40	71.43%

Subject feedback

Common errors which we noted were:

• Requirements for 141 / 142 operators
• Adult learning issues
• Performance based outcomes
• Questioning techniques

Private Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) exam - PPLA

Exam time

The PPLA is a single-part exam. The CASA allocated time for PPLA is 210 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 172 minutes. CASA assessed the allocated time for the current exam is more than adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%. The following table reflects candidates' performance by score bands during this period.

The score band percent of candidates for Private Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) - PPLA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	8.97	6.22	8.92	12.32	13.19	17.30	33.08	63.57%
2015	6.73	6.54	10.71	11.73	17.69	16.92	29.68	64.29%
2016	5.89	4.62	8.98	10.98	15.67	18.82	35.03	69.52%
2017	7.47	5.66	9.09	12.52	15.65	16.74	32.87	65.26%
2018	7.21	5.55	9.27	13.53	15.42	16.13	32.90	64.44%
2019	4.97	4.30	6.82	14.76	13.64	17.05	38.46	69.14%

Subject feedback

Common errorswhich we noted were:

• Correct use of the take-off and landing charts
• Determine time/distance and revision of estimates
• Calculate Density Height and/or Pressure Height
• Correct use of the various loading systems (ALPHA,BRAVO and CHARLIE)
• Interpretation of meteorological forecasts

Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter) exam - PPLH

Exam time

The PPLH is a single-part exam. The CASA allocated time for PPLH is 210 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 182 minutes. CASA assessed the allocated time for the current exam loading as adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%. The following table reflects candidates' performance by score bands during this period:

The score band percent of candidates for Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter) – PPLH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2014	12.80	3.20	14.40	11.20	15.20	15.20	28.00	58.04%
2015	14.29	2.52	10.08	13.45	12.61	13.45	33.61	59.66%
2016	7.50	6.88	8.13	13.76	13.76	10.63	39.38	63.75%
2017	6.40	5.60	4.80	8.80	4.80	17.60	52.00	74.40%
2018	4.24	6.78	3.39	6.78	16.10	14.41	48.31	78.81%
2019	6.80	2.72	4.76	9.52	19.73	19.05	37.41	76.19%

Subject feedback

Common errors which we noted were:

• Time calculations
• Determine BOD/EOD
• Determine time/distance and revision of estimates
• Interpretation of meteorological forecasts
• Identification of electrical system indications
• TEM
• Helicopter loading

Recreational Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) exam - RPLA

Exam time

The RPLA is a single-paper exam. The CASA allocated time for RPLA is 120 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 100 minutes. CASA assessed the allocated time for the current exam loading as more than adequate.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%. The following table reflects candidates' performance by score bands during this period.

The score band percent of candidates for Recreational Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) – RPLA exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2015	14.02	9.35	14.95	14.95	15.89	11.21	19.63	46.73%
2016	11.86	5.76	12.88	11.53	15.25	13.90	28.81	57.97%
2017	13.20	7.26	11.88	12.54	12.54	16.50	26.07	55.12%
2018	12.30	5.25	10.98	12.46	13.93	14.59	30.49	59.02%
2019	10.24	7.06	10.13	13.19	14.70	14.81	29.86	59.38%

Subject feedback

It was noted that some candidates did have difficulty with:

• Glide speeds and lift/drag ratio
• Effect of wind shear on aircraft performance
• Interpretation of meteorological forecasts and requirements
• Local winds; sea breeze, land breeze, anabatic and katabatic winds, etc.
• Use of the take-off and landing charts
• Correct use of the various loading systems (ALPHA,BRAVO and CHARLIE)

Recreational Pilot Licence (Helicopter) exam - RPLH

Exam time

The RPLH is a single-part exam. The CASA allocated time for RPLH is 120 minutes. Only one candidate attempted this exam, which was insufficient to obtain meaningful statistics.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%. The following table reflects candidates' performance by score bands during this period.

The score band percent of candidates for Recreational Pilot Licence (Helicopter) - RPLH exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2015	16.67	0.00	0.00	16.67	16.67	16.67	33.33	66.67%
2016	33.33	33.33	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	33.33	33.33%
2017	0.00	0.00	0.00	50.00	0.00	0.00	50.00	50.00%
2018	0.00	0.00	0.00	50.00	0.00	0.00	100.00	100.00%
2019	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00	0.00	0.00	100.00%

Subject feedback

Due to the extremely low number of exam sittings, the performance report was not available.

Recreational Pilot Licence Navigation exam - RPLN

Exam time

The RPLN is a single-part exam. The CASA allocated time for RPLN is 90 minutes. The average time taken for candidates to complete the exam has been 86 minutes. CASA assessed the allocated time for the current exam loading as adequate but will monitor the time closely.

Pass percentage and pass rate

The percentage score required for a pass is 70%. The following table reflects candidates' performance by score bands during this period.

The score band percent of candidates for Recreational Pilot Licence Navigation – RPLN exam.

	% Score band							Pass rate
	0 - 54 (%)	55 - 59 (%)	60 - 64 (%)	65 - 69 (%)	70 - 74 (%)	75 - 79 (%)	80+ (%)
2015	40.00	0.00	20.00	0.00	20.00	20.00	0.00	40.00%
2016	16.67	0.00	23.33	0.00	16.67	13.33	30.00	60.00%
2017	20.00	0.00	15.00	15.00	5.00	10.00	35.00	50.00%
2018	20.59	8.82	17.65	2.94	14.71	14.71	20.59	50.00%
2019	26.44	8.05	16.09	4.60	13.79	5.75	25.29	44.83%

Subject feedback

Common errors which we noted were:

• A number of candidates had ground speed errors, ie basic navigation computer work
• Difficulties with time conversion
• Determine CAS, TAS, HDG, Ground speed and drift, ie basic navigation computer work
• Flight plan preparation
• Determine fuel requirements
• Determine requirements based on meteorological forecasts